# Pressure Drop In Pipe Lines And Fittings | Part 2

## Pressure Drop Caused By Valves and Fittings

In part 1 the tutorial goes over pressure drop in pipelines. Just to recap pressure drop arises due to skin friction and forms friction. Non-separated boundary layers causes skin friction (the roughness of the pipe causing shear within the boundary layer of the fluid) whereas separated boundary layers cause form friction (geometrical characteristics of the piping system are piled up causing localised losses).

Simply put, pipe pressure drop is due to skin friction. But in a pipeline with valves and fittings pressure drop is mainly due to form friction. The pipelines may be connected to equipment and again pressure drop occur due to the specific piece of equipment. This tutorial is focused on pressure drop in valves and fittings only.

In order to account for pressure drop due to valves and fittings, various methods are used The most common among them is:

1. K values or Head Loss Coefficient.
2. Equivalent length method.

## 1. K values or Head Loss Coefficient Method

Where:

V = Average Velocity of fluid

g = Acceleration due to gravity

$\rho$ = Density of fluid

Earlier K values were static constants but in recent applications (Industrial applications) they are seen to be dynamic and change with pipe diameter.

Depending upon the type of valves and fittings, various K values are available, which can be seen in the table below:

K values that are subject to change, then the pipe diameter can be calculated as follows:

The Km, Ki, and Kd values corresponding to the type of fittings and valves that are given in the table below.

Once determining the appropriate K value for your pipe, it can be substituted back into the first equation to determine the pressure drop or headloss

## 2. Equivalent Length Method.

Where:

f = Darcy’s Friction Factor

D = Internal Diameter of the pipe

Another method that is widely used in calculating pressure drop is the equivalent length method. For every valve and fitting particular L/D, equivalent length value is available in the previous table. To find the equivalent length, multiply the L/D value with the diameter and insert this value in the given formula, in place of Leq.

Similarly, for contraction and expansion losses you need to consider the k value as per the following formula.